9                ECOLOGICAL MONITORING

Monitoring of Measures to Minimise Disturbance to Water Birds in Ng Tung River, Sheung Yue River, Shek Sheung River and Long Valley

Monitoring Requirements and Protocol

9.1          As required under Section 12.3.2.5 of Updated EM&A Manual, where development under the NDAs project is undertaken within 200m (the maximum distance at which it is predicted there may be some disturbance, and hence a reduction in numbers, of large waterbirds) of Sheung Yue River and Long Valley, weekly transect at both high and low tides should be followed (It is considered high tide when the tidal levels are above 1.5m and low tide when the tidal levels are below 1.5m at Tsim Bei Tsui Station).

 

9.2          The purpose of the survey was to identify and enumerate all bird species utilizing the river channels and Long Valley Nature Park (LVNP) and identify any sources of actual or potential disturbance to birds due to construction activities throughout the construction period according to Methodology specified in Table 12.1 in Updated EM&A Manual.

 

9.3          Monitoring in Long Valley should follow the methodology adopted by the regular HKBWS bird monitoring programme in order to obtain comparable results and complete coverage of the area in the shortest time possible.

 

Monitoring Frequency

9.4          High tide and low tide avifauna monitoring is required to be carried out on weekly basis.

Additional night-time avifauna monitoring in Long Valley is required to be carried out twice monthly from September to April.

Date of avifauna monitoring:

5th, 8th, 12th, 15th, 18st, 19th, 25th, 29th January 2021

Date of night-time monitoring:

8th, 12th January 2021

 

Monitoring Location

9.5          The avifauna monitoring was carried out at Ng Tung River, Sheung Yue River and Long Valley in Reporting Month according to construction works. The transect routes in the Reporting Month were as follows:

 

       T1. Ng Tung River

       T2. Ng Tung River

       T3. Sheung Yue River

       T5. Long Valley

 

As the sensitive receivers (large waterbirds) are easily visible, the transect route will only need to follow one bank of the rivers.

 

9.6          The location of Transects T1, T2, T3 and T5 is shown in Figure 7 for reference.


 

Monitoring Parameters

9.7          The monitoring parameters and survey methodology for each transect are described below:

 

       Abundance of birds

       Types of habitat of which birds in use

       Notable bird behaviours such as roosting, feeding, nesting and presence of juveniles

       Birds heard though birdcalls that could not be located would be marked as ¡§heard¡¨, while birds flying over the survey area would be marked as ¡§flight¡¨. Species of conservation significance would be specified.

 

9.8          Other information at the time of survey such as weather condition, tidal condition, tide level and noticeable natural or anthropogenic activities would be documented.

 

9.9          For Avifauna survey, Ornithological nomenclature would make reference to The Avifauna of Hong Kong (Carey et al. 2001), The Birds of Hong Kong and South China (Viney et al. 2005), and the most recent updated list from other sources (e.g. Hong Kong Bird Watching Society).

 

Monitoring Result

 

9.10       In total, 69 species of birds were recorded during the bird surveys within assessment area. Among the recorded birds, there were 23 species of waterbirds. The detailed list of waterbirds and all recorded birds are shown in Appendix I1k and I1l respectively.

 

9.11       Among the four transects, the transect T5 had a higher species diversity and abundance due to its diverse habitat types within Long Valley. Species such as Ardeola bacchus and Egretta garzetta were commonly found roosting and foraging at wetland habitats such as agricultural lands and shallow water habitats.

 

9.12       Along the transect T5 in Long Valley, species with conservation interest such as Himantopus himantopus, which is a passage migrant, and Tringa glareola, which is a passage migrant and winter visitor, were also commonly observed in shallow water habitat.

 

9.13       A high abundance of Himantopus himantopus and Tringa glareola were found roosting at night-time in shallow water habitats. Gallinago gallinago, Anas crecca, Rostratula benghalensis, Ardea cinerea, Charadrius dubius, Recurvirostra avosetta and Amaurornis phoenicurus were also found in wet habitats during the night survey.

 

9.14       Soil turning with excavator and landscape formation works were observed in T5 in the reporting month.

 

9.15       Transect T3 was conducted along the Sheung Yue River. Bird species such as Ardeola bacchus, Tringa ochropus and Egretta garzetta were commonly observed feeding and roosting on the river bank and river bed. Construction work was observed beside Sheung Yue River.

 

9.16       Transect T1 and T2 are located at Ng Tung River. Ardeola bacchus and Egretta garzetta were commonly found feeding and roosting along the Ng Tung River. Fishing activities were observed at both T1 and T2, while construction activities were observed at T2 during the avifauna monitoring.

 

9.17       Falco tinnunculus and Accipiter trivirgatus were recorded for the first time since the first reporting month for avifauna survey in July 2020.

 

9.18       Avifauna monitoring in construction phase was conducted during the reporting month and the detailed results are attached in Appendix I1.

 

Monitoring of Measures to Minimise Impacts to Ma Tso Lung Stream and Siu Hang San Tsuen Stream, and Long Valley

Monitoring Requirements and Protocol

9.19       As required under Section 12.3.2.14 of Updated EM&A Manual, aquatic faunal monitoring should be carried out during the construction phase.

 

9.20       Larger organisms such as fish should be monitored by direct counting, while kick-netting and sweep-netting should be used for invertebrate sampling. There should be three replicates for invertebrate sampling at each sampling point. For kick-netting, the net should be placed with the opening facing the water current, and the substrate should be disturbed by kicking to dislodge organisms from the stream bed. Sweep-netting should be conducted when kick-netting is not feasible, such as in area with no water current. Small organisms that could not be identified with naked eye should be brought to the laboratory for identification under the dissecting microscope.

 

Monitoring Frequency

9.21       Quantitative aquatic fauna replicate surveys of stream fauna is required to be carried out on monthly basis during wet season. Three replicates for invertebrates sampling and direct counting of fish fauna should be performed respectively.

 

Monitoring Location

9.22       During wet season, the monitoring location required to be carried out in Ma Tso Lung Stream according to construction works are as follow:

             MS_01

             MS_02

             MS_03

             MS_04

             MS_05

             MS_06

             MS_07

             MS_08

             MS_09

             MS_10

9.23       The location of Monitoring Stations shown in Figure 8 for reference.

 

Monitoring Parameters

9.24       The monitoring parameters and survey methodology for each monitoring station are described below:

       Species composition

       Abundance

       Distribution for invertebrates and fish fauna

       Species of conservation significance would be specified

 

9.25       Other information at the time of survey such as weather condition and noticeable natural or anthropogenic activities would be recorded.

 

Monitoring Status

9.26       According to the Updated EM&A Manual, quantitative aquatic fauna replicate surveys of stream fauna is required to be carried out on monthly basis during wet season. During the reporting Month, no aquatic fauna replicate surveys was carried out.

Monitoring of Measures to Minimise Impacts on Ecological Sensitive Habitats from Disturbance and Pollution

Monitoring Requirements and Protocol

9.27       As required under Section 12.3.2.17 of Updated EM&A Manual, monitoring of measures to minimize impacts should be carried out during the construction phase.

 

9.28       The purpose of survey is to monitor the effectiveness of measures to minimize impacts on ecologically sensitive habitats from disturbance and pollution by standard faunal transect surveys.

 

Mammal survey

9.29       Mammal survey should be performed during both day and night times, in areas along the transect routes which may potentially be utilized by terrestrial mammals. Field signs such as droppings, footprints, diggings and burrows left by larger terrestrial mammals should be observed. Mammals directly observed should be recorded, and identification should be made as accurate as possible form the field signs observed.

 

9.30       Bat survey should be conducted along the transect routes shortly after sunset, with the use of a bat detector to record the echolocation calls. The relative abundance of the species encountered should be estimated using a scale from one (single individual recorded) to five (very abundant). Nomenclature of mammal should be based on Shek (2006).

 

Herpetofauna survey (Amphibians and Reptiles)

9.31       Amphibian surveys should be conducted whenever possible on evenings following or during periods of rainfall, focusing on areas suitable for amphibians (e.g. forest, shrublands, grasslands, streams, ponds, marshes, etc.). Calling amphibians should be recorded, supplemented by visual observation of eggs, tadpoles, adult frogs, and toads.

 

9.32       Active searching of appropriate microhabitats such as stones, pond bunds, crevices and leaf debris should be performed mainly. Observation of exposed, basking and foraging reptiles should also be conducted. Nomenclature of amphibian and reptile should be based on Chan et al. (2005) and Karsen et al. (1998), respectively.

 

Insect survey (Butterfly and Dragonfly)

9.33       Butterflies and dragonflies observed along the transects should be identified and counted. Preferable habitats of the insects such as watercourses, fishponds, and vegetated areas should be observed with special attention. Nomenclature and protection status of the species should be based on Lo et al. (2005) for butterflies and Tam et al. (2011) for dragonflies

 

Monitoring Frequency

9.34       Monitoring surveys of ecological sensitive receivers such as mammals, insects (butterflies and dragonflies), and herpetofauna should be undertaken on a monthly bases.

Date of Monitoring surveys of ecological sensitive receivers:

25th, 27th January 2021

 

Monitoring Location

9.35       The transect routes in the Reporting Month according to construction works are as follows:

           T1. Ma Tso Lung riparian zone and associated wetland habitats;

           T1. Green belt areas E1-8, D1-8 and G1-3 in KTN NDA;

           T1. AGR one C2-4 and C2-2 in KTN NDA;

           T1. Area north of Ng Tung River;

           T3. Area west of Siu Hang San Tsuen Stream

           T4. South side of Fanling Highway and Castle Peak Road in the vicinity of Pak Shek Au;

           T5. Area west and east of the southern limit of the FLN NDA work area; and

           T6. Areas in the western part of KTN

9.36       The location of Transects is shown in Figure 9 for reference.

 

Monitoring Parameters

9.37       The monitoring parameters and survey methodology for each transect are described below:-

       Species composition

       Abundance

       Distribution for fauna observed

       Species of conservation significance would be specified

 

Monitoring Result

Mammal

9.38       During the survey, a total of 6 mammal species were recorded from transects T1, T3, T4, T5 and T6. A total of 4 species of conservation importance were recorded, namely Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus sp., Pipistrellus abramus and Cynopterus sphinx, which are all bat species.

 

9.39       Domestic cat, Felis catus was found at T1 and T5. Domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, was found at T1, T3, T4, T5 and T6, where associated with human settlements.

 

9.40       Bat species, Cynopterus sphinx was observed roosting in the tent-shaped shelter under fronds of Chinese Fan-palm during daytime survey, and was found in flight at nighttime at T1 and T3. Miniopterus sp. was recorded in flight at nighttime at T1, Rhinolophus sp. was recorded in flight at nighttime at T5, Pipistrellus abramus was recorded in flight at nighttime at T1, T3, T4, and T5.

 

9.41       Echolocation calls of bats were recorded with a bat detector. The bat detector would list out possible bat species having similar echolocation calls in pattern and frequency. The structure of the echolocation calls from the recordings was later analysed to identify species as far as possible (the lack of literature on echolocation call structure makes the field identification of some bat species in Hong Kong difficult, and some species could only be identified to genus level, or remain unidentified from the recordings).

 

9.42       Identification of bat species encountered in the surveys was made with consideration to the possible bat species suggested by the bat detector, the distribution of the suggested bat species in Hong Kong, previous records of bat species in the EIA Report and Baseline Monitoring Report, and the structure of echolocation calls of the recordings (including call structure, frequency, duration, inter pulse interval etc., with reference to relevant literatures).

 

9.43       Miniopterus sp. was with echolocations in call structure of FM/QCF (frequency modulated/quasi constant frequency) and frequency around 50 kHz to 64 kHz recorded (Chao, 2001, p.54 and Chou & Cheng, 2012, p.42).  Rhinolophus sp. was recorded with echolocations in call structure of FM-CF-FM (frequency modulated -constant frequency -frequency modulated) and frequency around 35 kHz to 45 kHz (Shek & Lau, 2006, p.9-12). Pipistrellus abramus was recorded with FM/QCF call structure and frequency around 45 kHz to 62 kHz (Chao, 2001, p.54 and Ma et.al, 2010, p.6). The above characteristics were further compared with data from relevant literatures to confirm the identities. References were made to Tong (2016).

Herpetofauna (Amphibians and Reptiles)

9.44       Along the transects, a total of 3 herpetofauna species were observed. None of them were species of conservation importance. Species including toad and gecko were recorded near wetland habitats and watercourse. Transect T5 had higher species diversity and abundance than other transects.

 

Insects (Butterfly and Dragonfly)

9.45       During the insect survey, a total of 12 butterfly species and 5 odonata species were recorded from the transects, with none of the species being of conservation importance. Transect T1 and T5 had higher butterfly species diversity than other transects. Uncommon species Chilades pandava was found at transect T1.

 

9.46       Number of dragonfly species recorded in the reporting month is similar among all of the transects. All of the dragonfly species recorded were common and abundant in Hong Kong.

 

9.47       Ecological sensitive receivers such as mammals, insects (butterflies and dragonflies), and herpetofauna monitoring in construction phase was conducted during the reporting month and the results are attached in Appendix I2 to I5.

Results and Observation

Details of the Influencing Factors

Major Activities

9.48       During the survey of Monitoring of Measures to Minimise Disturbance to Water Birds in Sheung Yue River and Long Valley, anthropogenic activities including soil turning with excavator and landscape formation works were observed in Long Valley. Construction work was observed beside Sheung Yue River.

 

9.49       The anthropogenic activities affected only a small area of habitat in Long Valley during the monitoring and would only pose minor disturbances to the birds. It was observed that Bubulcus coromandus foraged in close vicinity to the excavators.

 

9.50       During the survey of Monitoring of Measures to Minimise Disturbance to Water Birds in Ng Tung River, anthropogenic activities including construction works at T2, and recreational fishing by fishing rod at both T1 and T2 were observed.

 

Weather Conditions

9.51       According to the observation during survey, temperature and the rain flow record in the Reporting Month (Reference: http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/pastwx/metob202101.htm), weather condition might pose influence towards the monitoring result.

 

9.52       Since the Final Baseline Ecological Monitoring Report has not been issued yet during the Reporting Month, the Action and Limit Level of ecological monitoring will be compared with the monitoring results in the Reporting Month and track back exceedance reporting (if any) after the Final Baseline Ecological Monitoring Report has been issued.

 

9.53       The detailed Ecological monitoring results are attached in Appendix I.

 

Reference

Chao, N. M. (2001). Identification of Pipistrellus abramus, Miniopterus schreibersii, Hipposideros terasensis, and Rhinolophus Monoceros using echolocation call characters. (Doctoral dissertation, MS thesis, National Sun Yat-Sen University)

 

Chou, C. H., & Cheng, H. C. (2012). Echolocation Calls of the Eleven Insectivorous Bats of Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity, 14(3-4), 33-62.

 

Ma, J., Jones, G., Zhu, G. J., & Metzner, W. (2010). Echolocation behaviours of the Japanese pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus abramus during foraging flight. Acta Theriologica, 55(4), 315-332.

 

Shek, C. T.,& Lau, T. Y. (2006). Echolocation Calls of Five Horseshoe Bats of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Biodiversity,13,9-12.

 

Tong, C. F. (2016). Distribution and preference of landscape features and foraging sites of insectivorous bats in Hong Kong urban parks. (Master dissertation)